3种杀菌剂对日本青鳉早期生命阶段毒性效应初步研究

为了评价杀菌剂对水生生物的基础毒性,在室内进行了多菌灵、三唑酮和三唑醇对日本青鳉幼体阶段的毒性效应.急性毒性试验结果表明,多菌灵、三唑酮和三唑醇对日本青鳉幼鱼96 h-LC₅₀值分别为0.47(0.42~0.51) mg·L^-1、11.02(9.34~13.01)mg·L^-1、14.49(12.28~17.10)mg·L^-1.胚胎60 d慢性毒性试验结果表明,多菌灵对日本青鳉胚胎孵化率的最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC_60d)为5.2 μg·L^-1,暴露在10~37 μg·L^-1浓度范围内对胚胎孵化时间、幼鱼存活率均有显著影响;三唑酮对日本青鳉幼鱼存活率的LOEC_60d为75 μg·L^-1,暴露浓度高于240 μg·L^-1时对胚胎孵化时间、幼鱼存活率、体长、湿重等均有显著影响;三唑醇对日本青鳉胚胎孵化率的LOEC_60d为140 μg·L^-1,暴露浓度高于520 μg·L^-1时三唑醇对胚胎孵化时间、幼鱼存活率、体长、湿重等均有显著影响.3种杀菌剂对日本青鳉幼体阶段的毒性次序为:多菌灵>三唑酮、三唑醇,胚胎孵化时间和幼鱼存活率可作为慢性毒性的敏感指标.     

贵阳主要城区市售食用菌中重金属污染与健康风险评估

食用菌是一类绿色保健食品,但对重金属具有一定的富集能力。本文从贵阳市主城区农贸市场、大型超市分期采集了各类食用菌共计153份,分析检测了其中的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Pb、Sb、Se、Tl和Zn等11种重金属元素含量。结果表明:本次样品中Cd元素超标频次最高,其次为As、Pb和Hg元素;重金属元素在干制品姬松茸和竹荪样品含量水平较高,竹荪样品中As、Cd和Hg的超标率为100%,Pb元素的超标率为17.0%,姬松茸样品中As、Cd、Hg和Pb四种元素超标率分别为92.8%、92.9%、92.8%和64.3%;平菇和杏鲍菇样品中多种元素的转移系数较高,而姬松茸则偏低;暴露-剂量模型评估表明各类样品的健康风险指数均小于1.0,表明没有明显的健康风险。这将为全省食用菌产业健康发展提供科学依据,也对贵阳地区人群膳食调控具有一定的指导意义。     

重庆空气重点控制有毒物质筛选

借鉴国外经验 ,建立了适合重庆地区特点的空气重点控制有毒物质筛选体系 ,筛选原则、程序和方法 ,确定了有毒物质的评分标准和量化处理手段 ,取得了较好的效果。     

Mountaintop Removal as a Case Study: The Possibilities for Public Advocacy through Virtual Toxic Tours

This paper argues that geo-spatial technologies (GST) such as Google Earth and Google Maps offer the potential for environmental advocates to generate virtual toxic tours. By analyzing the use of GST by I Love Mountains, a coalition of organizations attempting to stop the practice of mountaintop removal, this paper illustrates how a virtual tour generated through GST such as Google Earth can be a means to generate presence and promote identification between those local residents impacted by the practice and those who inhabit places seemingly distant from the same practice. The study not only acknowledges the limits of virtual tours but also identifies specific qualities not evident in tours of physical environments. Due to the potential virtual tours, this study also seeks to prompt further consideration of the use of GST and their role in contemporary environmental advocacy efforts.     

鞍山市大气细颗粒物PM2.5中PAHs污染的季节变化特征

PM2.5作为可吸入人体的细颗粒物在大气中停留时间长、输送距离远,对人体健康和大气环境质量影响非常大.选取鞍山市城区7个点位分别采集了4个季节的大气细颗粒物PM2.5样品,通过对其中多环芳烃PAHs的监测,采用BaP当量致毒系数TEF,分析了鞍山市大气PM2.5中PAHs毒性当量随季节的分布特征.研究表明,鞍山大气PM25中PAHs含量的季节分布趋势为:冬季＞秋季＞春季＞夏季.工业区及工业区周边BaP毒性当量浓度要远高于居住区和对照点.     

河谷型城市土壤有害金属有机酸与细菌淋溶特性

在野外调查与前期研究的基础上,根据一点多样混合采样法收集宝鸡河谷型城市污染土壤样品50个.通过等温振荡平衡法研究了人工合成的螯合剂EDTA、DTPA、低分子有机酸草酸(Oxalic acid)、丁二酸(Butanedioic acid)、柠檬酸(Citrate)和枯草芽孢杆菌对城市污染土壤有害金属As、Cr、Cu、Pb、Sb、V、Zn的淋溶解吸特性.研究结果表明,EDTA、DTPA对宝鸡城市污染土壤As、Cr、Cu、Pb、Sb、V、Zn的整体淋溶解吸效果要优于草酸、丁二酸和柠檬酸.有机酸对宝鸡城市土壤有害金属As、Cr、Cu、Pb、Sb、V、Zn淋洗速率顺序为:柠檬酸:PbSbZn≈AsCuVCr;DTPA:Pb≥Cu≈ZnSbAsVCr;EDTA:Pb≥ZnCuSbAsVCr;草酸:PbSbAsVCuCr;丁二酸:CrPbSbAsVCu(丁二酸淋洗的Cr随时间缓慢增加).枯草芽孢杆菌对土壤有害金属淋溶具有pH和温度的依赖性,特别对Pb、Sb的淋溶解吸特为敏感,较高pH(pH=6)淋溶要大于低pH(pH=2).研究表明,枯草芽孢杆菌淋溶土壤有害金属是细菌本身、有机酸和淋溶液pH共同作用的过程.重金属Pb和Sb是宝鸡市环境污染与人群健康风险最主要的因子,因此,有机酸和细菌及其淋溶pH综合作用对西部河谷型城市土壤有害金属Pb、Sb复合污染的原位修复提供了新的思路.     

不同生长期加拿大蓬挥发油对蚕豆保卫细胞的毒性效应

为探讨入侵植物加拿大蓬(Erigeron canadensis L.)的化感作用机制,以蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)叶下表皮为材料,研究了营养期和生殖期加拿大蓬挥发油各1μL、2μL、3μL、4μL、5μL分别处理保卫细胞10 min、20 min、30 min后产生的毒性效应。结果表明:挥发油处理后保卫细胞大量死亡,核形态发生较大改变;细胞死亡率和核异常率显著上升(p0.05),与处理剂量和时间呈正相关(p0.01);营养期挥发油处理后细胞的死亡率和核异常率总体高于生殖期;加入泛Caspase抑制剂后,细胞死亡率显著降低(p0.05)。研究表明,加拿大蓬挥发油引起的保卫细胞死亡为Caspase依赖性的细胞凋亡,营养期挥发油的化感胁迫效应比生殖期更强。结合GC-MS分析可见,不同生长期加拿大蓬挥发油毒性的差异可能与其化感物质的组成和含量差异有关。     

Histopathological studies and oxidative stress of synthesized silver nanoparticles in Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)

To evaluate the potential environmental effects of engineered nano metals, it is important to determine the adverse effects of various nanomaterials on aquatic species. Adult tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) were maintained in 10 L glass aquaria, and exposed to a graded series of synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) at 25, 50 and 75 mg/L for eight days. The LC₅₀ value was 12.6 mg/L. Reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes and the contents of antioxidants were lowered in the gills and liver of fishes treated with Ag-NPs, which resulted in heavy accumulation of free radicals. Histopathological results imply that the balance between the oxidative and antioxidant system in the fish was broken down during Ag-NPs exposure. The principal concern related with the release of nanomaterials and their smaller particle may change the materials transport and potential toxicity to aquatic organisms compared to larger particles.     

Quantification of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin producing Microcystis populations during the 2009 and 2010 blooms in Lake Taihu using quantitative real-time PCR

Lake Taihu, a large, shallow hypertrophic freshwater lake in eastern China, has experienced lake-wide toxic cyanobacterial blooms annually during summer season in the past decades. Spatial changes in the abundance of hepatotoxin microcystin-producing and non-microcystin producing Microcystis populations were investigated in the lake in August of 2009 and 2010. To monitor the densities of the total Microcystis population and the potential microcystin-producing subpopulation, we used a quantitative real-time PCR assay targeting the phycocyanin intergenic spacer (PC-IGS) and the microcystin synthetase gene (mcyD), respectively. On the basis of quantification by real-time PCR analysis, the abundance of potential toxic Microcystis genotypes and the ratio of the mcyD subpopulation to the total Microcystis varied significantly, from 4.08× 10⁴ to 5.22× 10⁷ copies/mL, from 5.7% to 65.8%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed a strong positive relationship between chlorophyll-a, toxic Microcystis and total Microcystis; the abundance of toxic Microcystis correlated positively with total phosphorus and ortho-phosphate concentrations, but negatively with TN:TP ratio and nitrate concentrations. Meanwhile the proportion of potential toxic genotypes within Microcystis population showed positive correlation with total phosphorus and ortho-phosphate concentrations. Our data suggest that increased phosphorus loading may be a significant factor promoting the occurrence of toxic Microcystis bloom in Lake Taihu.     

我国VOC类有毒空气污染物优先控制对策探讨

VOC污染日趋严重,不仅影响环境空气质量,也能直接损害人体健康,我国亟待完善控制对策.研究了美国有毒空气污染物（HAPs）控制体系,针对我国环境管理的特点,提出VOC类有毒空气污染物优先控制对策,供有关部门参考.美国通过清洁空气法案确定有毒空气污染物重点控制名单,采取区域管理和行业重点源控制促其削减,VOC类化合物是城市地区重点控制对象.我国VOC管理和技术基础相对薄弱,应筛选部分污染物进行优先控制,针对这类污染物组分复杂、行业分布广、区域性和过程性强等特点,逐步开展区域污染调查评估,加强累积性风险评估和环境影响后评价管理,抓好突发事件风险防范.